Simple Periodic Table 1.10.2 !FREE!
The TabletServer manages some subset of all the tablets (partitions of tables). This includes receiving writes from clients, persisting writes to awrite-ahead log, sorting new key-value pairs in memory, periodicallyflushing sorted key-value pairs to new files in HDFS, and respondingto reads from clients, forming a merge-sorted view of all keys andvalues from all the files it has created and the sorted in-memorystore.
Simple periodic table 1.10.2
In order to manage the number of files per tablet, periodically the TabletServerperforms Major Compactions of files within a tablet, in which some set of RFilesare combined into one file. The previous files will eventually be removed by theGarbage Collector. This also provides an opportunity to permanently removedeleted key-value pairs by omitting key-value pairs suppressed by a delete entrywhen the new file is created.
Since Accumulo tables are sorted by row ID, each table can be thought of as beingindexed by the row ID. Lookups performed by row ID can be executed quickly, by doinga binary search, first across the tablets, and then within a tablet. Clients shouldchoose a row ID carefully in order to support their desired application. A simple ruleis to select a unique identifier as the row ID for each entity to be stored and assignall the other attributes to be tracked to be columns under this row ID. For example,if we have the following data in a comma-separated file:
Due to the asynchronous nature of replication and the expectation that hardware failures and network partitions will exist,it is generally not recommended to not configure replication on a table which has Iterators set which are not idempotent.While the replication implementation can make some simple assertions to try to avoid re-replication of data, it is notpresently guaranteed that all data will only be sent to a peer once. Data will be replicated at least once. Typically,this is not a problem as the VersioningIterator will automaticaly deduplicate this over-replication because they willhave the same timestamp; however, certain Combiners may result in inaccurate aggregations.
Tablet servers reserve a lock in zookeeper to maintain their ownershipover the tablets that have been assigned to them. Part of theirresponsibility for keeping the lock is to send zookeeper a keep-alivemessage periodically. If the tablet server fails to send a message ina timely fashion, zookeeper will remove the lock and notify the tabletserver. If the tablet server does not receive a message fromzookeeper, it will assume its lock has been lost, too. If a tabletserver loses its lock, it kills itself: everything assumes it is deadalready.
This simple file naming convention allows you to see the basic structure of the files from justtheir filenames, and reason about what should be happening to them next, justby scanning their entries in the metadata tables.
Note: Contents data are machine generated based on pre-publication provided by the publisher. Contents may have variations from the printed book or be incomplete or contain other coding.1ELEMENTARY CONTINUOUS-TIME AND DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS1.1Systems in Engineering1.2Functions of Time as Signals1.3Transformations of the Time Variable1.3.1Time Scaling1.3.2Time Reversal1.3.3Time Shift1.4Periodic Signals1.5Exponential Signals1.5.1Real Exponential Signals1.5.2Complex Exponential Signals1.6Periodic Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals1.6.1Continuous-Time1.6.2Discrete-Time1.7Finite-Energy and Finite-Power Signals1.8Even and Odd Signals1.9Discrete-Time Impulse and Step Signals1.10Generalized Functions1.10.1Continuous-Time Impulse and Step Signals1.10.2Some properties of the impulse signal1.10.3Unit doublet and higher order "derivatives" of the unit impulse1.11System Models and Basic Properties1.11.1Input-Output System Models1.11.2System Block Diagrams1.11.3Basic System Properties1.12Summary1.13To Probe Further1.14Problems1.14.1Problems with Solutions1.14.2Problems with Answers1.14.3Additional Problems2LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT SYSTEMS2.1Discrete-Time LTI Systems: The Convolution Sum2.1.1Representation of Discrete-Time Signals in Terms of Impulses2.1.2Response of an LTI System as a Linear Combination of Impulse Responses2.1.3The Convolution Sum2.1.4The Convolution Operation2.1.5Graphical Computation of a Convolution2.1.6Numerical Computation of a Convolution2.2Continuous-Time LTI Systems: The Convolution Integral2.2.1Representation of Continuous-Time Signals in Terms of Impulses2.2.2Impulse Response and the Convolution Integral Representation of a Continuous-Time LTI system2.2.3The Convolution Operation2.2.4Calculation of the Convolution Integral2.3Properties of Linear Time-Invariant Systems2.3.1The Commutative Property of LTI Systems2.3.2The Distributive Property of LTI Systems2.3.3The Associative Property of LTI Systems2.3.4LTI Systems without Memory2.3.5Invertibility of LTI Systems2.3.6Causality of an LTI System2.3.7BIBO Stability of LTI Systems2.3.8The Unit Step Response of an LTI System2.4Summary2.5To Probe Further2.6Problems2.6.1Problems with Solutions2.6.2Problems with Answers2.6.3Additional Problems3 DIFFERENTIAL AND DIFFERENCE LTI SYSTEMS3.1Causal LTI Systems Described by Differential Equations3.2Causal LTI Systems Described by Difference Equations3.2.1General Solution3.2.2Recursive Solution3.3Impulse Response of a Differential LTI System3.3.1Method 1: Impulse Response Obtained by Linear Combination of Impulse Responses of the Left-Hand Side of the Differential Equation3.3.2Method 2: Impulse Response Obtained by Differentiation of the Step Response3.4Impulse Response of a Difference LTI System3.4.1Impulse Response Obtained by Linear Combination of Shifted Impulse Responses of the Left-Hand Side of the Difference Equation3.5Characteristic Polynomials and Stability of Differential and Difference Systems3.5.1The Characteristic Polynomial of an LTI Differential System3.5.2Stability of an LTI Differential System3.5.3The Characteristic Polynomial of an LTI Difference System3.5.4Stability of an LTI Difference System3.6Time Constant and Natural Frequency of a First-Order LTI Differential System3.7Eigenfunctions of LTI Difference and Differential Systems3.8Summary3.9To Probe Further3.10Problems3.10.1Problems with Solutions3.10.2Problems with Answers3.10.3Additional Problems4FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF PERIODIC CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS4.1Linear Combinations of Harmonically-Related Complex Exponentials4.2Determination of the Fourier Series Representation of a Continuous-Time Periodic Signal4.3Graph of the Fourier Series Coefficients: The Line Spectrum4.4Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Series4.4.1Linearity4.4.2Time Shifting4.4.3Time Reversal4.4.4Time Scaling4.4.5Multiplication of Two Signals4.4.6Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry4.5Fourier Series of a Periodic Rectangular Wave4.6Optimality and Convergence of the Fourier Series4.7Existence of a Fourier Series Representation4.8Gibbs Phenomenon4.9Fourier Series of a Periodic Train of Impulses4.10Parseval Theorem4.11Power Spectrum4.12Total Harmonic Distortion4.13Steady-State Response of an LTI System to a Periodic Signal4.13.1Filtering4.14Summary4.15To Probe Further4.16Problems4.16.1Problems with Solutions4.16.2Problems with Answers4.16.3Additional Problems5THE CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM5.1Fourier Transform as the Limit of a Fourier Series5.2Properties of the Fourier Transform5.2.1Linearity5.2.2Time Shifting5.2.3Time/Frequency Scaling5.2.4Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry5.2.5Differentiation5.2.6Integration5.2.7Convolution5.2.8Multiplication5.2.9Energy-Density Spectrum5.2.10Parseval Equality5.3Examples of Fourier Transforms5.3.1Fourier Transform of the Complex Exponential Signal5.3.2Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Sawtooth Signal5.4The Inverse Fourier Transform5.5Duality5.6Convergence of the Fourier Transform5.7The Convolution Property in the Analysis of LTI Systems5.7.1General LTI Systems5.7.2LTI Differential Systems5.8Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals5.8.1Fourier Transform of a Periodic Impulse Train5.9Filtering5.9.1Frequency-Selective Filters5.10Summary5.11To Probe Further5.12Problems5.12.1Problems with Solutions5.12.2Problems with Answers5.12.3Additional Problems6THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM6.1Definition of the Two-Sided Laplace Transform6.2Inverse Laplace Transform6.2.1Partial Fraction Expansion6.3Convergence of the Two-Sided Laplace Transform6.4Poles and Zeros of Rational Laplace Transforms6.5Properties of the Two-Sided Laplace Transform6.5.1Linearity6.5.2Time-Shifting6.5.3Shifting in the s-Domain6.5.4Time-Scaling6.5.5Conjugation6.5.6Convolution Property6.5.7Differentiation in the Time Domain6.5.8Differentiation in the Frequency Domain6.5.9Integration in the Time Domain6.5.10The Initial and Final Value Theorems6.6Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems using the Laplace Transform6.6.1Causality6.6.2Stability6.7Definition of the Unilateral Laplace Transform6.8Properties of the Unilateral Laplace Transform6.8.1Linearity6.8.2Time-Delay6.8.3Shifting in the s-Domain6.8.4Time-Scaling6.8.5Conjugation6.8.6Convolution Property6.8.7Differentiation in the Time Domain6.8.8Differentiation in the Frequency Domain6.8.9Integration in the Time Domain6.8.10The Initial and Final Value Theorems6.9Summary6.10To Probe Further6.11Problems6.11.1Problems with Solutions6.11.2Problems with AnswersAdditional Problems7APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM TO LTI DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS7.1The Transfer Function of an LTI Differential System7.1.1Poles and Zeros of the Transfer Function7.1.2Causality7.1.3BIBO Stability7.1.4Example: System Identification7.2Block Diagram Realizations of LTI Differential Systems7.2.1System Interconnections7.2.2Realization of a Transfer Function7.3Analysis of LTI Differential Systems With Initial Conditions Using the Unilateral Laplace Transform7.3.1Zero-Input Response and Zero-State Response7.4Transient and Steady-State Responses of LTI Differential Systems7.4.1Transient and Steady-State Analysis Using the Laplace Transform7.5Summary7.6To Probe Further7.7Problems7.7.1Problems with Solutions7.7.2Problems with Answers7.7.3Additional Problems8 TIME AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF BIBO STABLE, CONTINUOUS-TIME LTI SYSTEMS8.1Relation of Poles and Zeros of the Transfer Function to the Frequency Response8.2Bode Plots8.3Frequency Response of First-Order Lag, Lead and Second-Order Lead-Lag Systems8.3.1First-Order Lag8.3.2First-Order Lead8.3.3Second-Order Lead-Lag8.4Frequency Response of Second-Order Systems8.4.1Case 8.4.2Case 8.4.3Case 8.4.4Quality Q8.4.5Maximal Flatness and the Butterworth Filter8.5Step Response of Stable LTI Systems8.5.1Rise Time8.5.2Overshoot8.5.3Settling Time8.6Ideal Delay Systems8.7Group Delay8.8Non-Minimum Phase and All-Pass Systems8.9Summary8.10To Probe Further8.11Problems8.11.1Problems with Solutions8.11.2Problems with Answers8.11.3Additional Problems9APPLICATION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES TO ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS9.1Review of Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Circuits9.1.1Nodal Analysis9.1.2Mesh Analysis9.2Transform Circuit Diagrams: Transient and Steady-State Analysis9.2.1Transform Circuit for Nodal Analysis9.2.2Transform Circuit for Mesh Analysis9.3Operational Amplifier Circuits9.4Summary9.5To Probe Further9.6Problems9.6.1Problems with Solutions9.6.2Problems with Answers9.6.3Additional Problems10STATE MODELS OF CONTINUOUS-TIME LTI SYSTEMS10.1State Models of Continuous-Time LTI Differential Systems10.1.1Controllable Canonical Realization10.1.2Observable Canonical Realization10.1.3Circuit Example10.2Zero-State Response and Zero-Input Response of a Continuous-Time State-Space System10.2.1Zero-Input Response10.2.2Zero-State Response10.3Laplace-Transform Solution for Continuous-Time State-Space Systems10.3.1Bounded-Input Bounded-Output Stability10.4State Trajectories and the Phase Plane10.5Block Diagram Representation of Continuous-Time State-Space Systems10.6Summary10.7To Probe Further10.8Problems10.8.1Problems with Solutions10.8.2Problems with Answers10.8.3Additional Problems11APPLICATION OF TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES TO LTI FEEDBACK SYSTEMS11.1Introduction to LTI Feedback Control Systems11.1.1Tracking Systems11.1.2Regulators11.2Sensitivity Function and Transmission11.2.1Sensitivity Function11.2.2Transmission11.2.3A Naive Approach to Controller Design11.3Closed-Loop Stability and the Root Locus11.3.1Closed-Loop Stability11.3.2Routh's Criterion11.3.3The Root Locus11.4The Nyquist Stability Criterion11.4.1The Principle of the Argument and the Encirclement Property11.4.2The Nyquist Criterion11.4.3Nyquist Plot of L(s)11.5Stability Robustness: Gain and Phase Margins11.5.1Bode Plot of Loop Gain11.5.2Gain and Phase Margins11.6Summary11.7To Probe Further11.8Problems11.8.1Problems with Solutions11.8.2Problems with Answers11.8.3Additional Problems12DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORM12.1Response of Discrete-Time LTI Systems to Complex Exponentials12.2Fourier Series Representation of Discrete-Time Periodic Signals12.2.1Fourier Series Representation12.3Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Series12.3.1Linearity12.3.2Time Shifting12.3.3Time Reversal12.3.4Time Scaling12.3.5Periodic Convolution of Two Signals12.3.6Multiplication of Two Signals12.3.7First Difference12.3.8Running Sum12.3.9Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry12.4Discrete-Time Fourier Transform12.4.1Convergence of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform12.5Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform12.5.1Linearity12.5.2Time Shifting12.5.3Frequency Shifting12.5.4Time Reversal12.5.5Time Scaling12.5.6Differentiation in Frequency12.5.7Convolution of Two Signals12.5.8Multiplication of Two Signals12.5.9First Difference12.5.10Running Sum (accumulation)12.5.11Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry12.5.12Parseval Equality and Energy Density Spectrum12.6DTFT of Periodic Signals and Step Signals12.6.1DTFT of Complex Exponentials12.6.2DTFT of the Step Signal12.6.3From the Fourier Series to the Fourier Transform12.7Duality12.8Summary12.9To Probe Further12.10Problems12.10.1Problems with Solutions12.10.2Problems with Answers12.10.3Additional Problems13THE Z-TRANSFORM13.1Development of the Two-Sided z-Transform13.2Region of Convergence of the z-Transform13.3Properties of the Two-Sided z-Transform13.3.1Linearity13.3.2Time Shifting13.3.3Scaling in the z-Domain13.3.4Time Reversal13.3.5Upsampling13.3.6Differentiation in the z-Domain13.3.7Convolution of Two Signals13.3.8First Difference13.3.9Running Sum13.3.10Conjugation13.3.11Initial-Value Theorem13.3.12Final-Value Theorem13.4The Inverse z-Transform13.4.1Contour Integral13.4.2Partial Fraction Expansion13.4.3Power Series Expansion13.5Analysis and Characterization of DLTI Systems Using the z-Transform13.5.1Transfer Function Characterization of DLTI systems13.5.2Transfer Function Algebra and Block Diagram Representations13.5.3Transfer Function Characterization of LTI Difference Systems13.5.4Block Diagram Realization of a Rational Transfer Function13.6The Unilateral z-Transform13.6.1Inverse Unilateral z-Transform13.6.2Properties of the Unilateral z-Transform Differing from Those of the Bilateral z-Transform13.6.3Solution of Difference Equations with Initial Conditions13.7Summary13.8To Probe Further13.9Problems13.9.1Problems with Solutions13.9.2Problems with Answers13.9.3Additional Problems14TIME AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS14.1Geometric Evaluation of the DTFT from the Pole-Zero Plot14.1.1First-Order Systems14.1.2Second-Order Systems14.2Frequency Analysis of First-Order and Second-Order Systems14.2.1First-Order Systems14.2.2Second-Order Systems14.3Ideal Discrete-Time Filters14.3.1Ideal Lowpass Filter14.3.2Ideal Highpass Filter14.3.3Ideal Bandpass Filter14.4Infinite Impulse Response and Finite Impulse Response Filters14.4.1IIR Filters14.4.2FIR Filters14.5Summary14.6To Probe Further14.7Problems14.7.1Problems with Solutions14.7.2Problems with Answers14.7.3Additional Problems15SAMPLING SYSTEMS15.1Sampling of Continuous-Time Signals15.1.1The Sampling Theorem15.1.2Sampling Using a Sample-and-Hold Operator15.2Signal Reconstruction15.2.1Perfect signal interpolation using sinc functions15.2.2Zero-Order Hold15.2.3First-Order Hold (Linear Interpolation)15.2.4Aliasing15.3Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals15.3.1CT/DT Operator15.3.2DT/CT Operator15.3.3Equivalence to a Continuous-Time LTI System15.4Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals15.4.1Impulse Train Sampling15.4.2Decimation15.5Summary15.6To Probe Further15.7Problems15.7.1Problems with Solutions15.7.2Problems with Answers15.7.3Additional Problems16INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS16.1Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation16.1.1Amplitude Modulation with a Complex Exponential Carrier16.1.2Amplitude Modulation with a Sinusoidal Carrier16.2Demodulation of Sinusoidal AM16.2.1Synchronous Demodulation16.2.2Asynchronous Demodulation16.3Single-Sideband Amplitude Modulation16.3.1Generating the Sidebands16.3.2Demodulation16.4Modulation of a Pulse-Train Carrier16.5Pulse-Amplitude Modulation16.5.1Intersymbol Interference in PAM Systems16.6Time-Division Multiplexing16.6.1Demodulation16.7Frequency-Division Multiplexing16.8Angle Modulation16.8.1Frequency Modulation16.8.2Phase Modulation16.8.3Demodulation of FM Signals: The Discriminator and the Phase-Lock Loop16.9Summary16.10To Probe Further16.11Problems16.11.1Problems with Solutions16.11.2Problems with Answers16.11.3Additional Problems17 SYSTEM DISCRETIZATION AND DISCRETE-TIME LTI STATE-SPACE MODELS17.1Controllable Canonical Form17.2Observable Canonical Form17.3Zero-State and Zero-Input Response of a Discrete-Time State-Space System17.3.1Zero-Input Response17.3.2Zero-State Response17.4Z-Transform Solution of Discrete-Time State-Space Systems17.4.1Bounded-Input Bounded-Output Stability17.5Discretization of Continuous-Time Systems17.5.1Discretization Using the Step-Invariant Transformation (c2d operator)17.5.2Discretization Using the Bilinear Transformation17.6Summary17.7To Probe Further17.8Problems17.8.1Problems with Solutions17.8.2Problems with Answers17.8.3Additional Problems 041b061a72